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本书对软件单元测试进行了详细介绍。第1 章与第2 章介绍软件单元测试的概念和基础知识；第3 章到第5 章介绍C 语言、Java 语言和Python 语言的单元测试框架和技巧；第6 章与第7 章介绍代码覆盖率工具和代码语法规范检查工具；第8 章通过两个案例详细介绍TDD。读者可以根据自己的需求对以上内容进行选择性阅读或者全部阅读。另外，为了巩固大家的学习效果，每一章结尾都有相应的习题。本书适合软件开发工程师、测试工程师、项目经理和大学计算机专业本科高年级学生与研究生阅读。

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ISBN：9787121455094

开本：16(170*240)

页数：316

字数：374

本书目录

目 录
第1 章 软件单元测试简介 ····································································.1
1.1 桩对象和测试驱动函数 ······························································.1
1.2 测试驱动开发 ·········································································.2
1.3 软件测试应该贯彻始终 ······························································.2
1.4 软件测试金字塔·······································································.3
1.5 单元测试在传统开发模式中的地位 ···············································.4
1.6 单元测试在敏捷开发模式中的地位 ···············································.5
1.7 精准测试 ···············································································.5
1.8 单元测试和白盒测试 ·································································.6
1.9 单元测试的FIRST 原则和AIR 原则 ··············································.7
1.10 习题 ····················································································.7
第2 章 软件单元测试基础知识 ······························································.8
2.1 动态自动化单元测试 ·································································.8
2.1.1 被测程序 ·······································································.8
2.1.2 语句覆盖 ·······································································.8
2.1.3 分支覆盖 ······································································.11
2.1.4 条件覆盖 ·······································································13
2.1.5 条件/分支覆盖 ································································15
2.1.6 MC/DC 覆盖 ··································································15
2.1.7 路径覆盖 ·······································································17
2.1.8 几种覆盖率的强弱关系 ·····················································18
2.1.9 控制流覆盖 ····································································18
2.2 静态自动化单元测试：代码扫描 ··················································19
2.3 手工单元测试：代码调试 ···························································20
2.4 手工单元测试：代码评审 ···························································20
2.5 单元测试中的问题 ····································································20
2.5.1 功能层面的问题·····························································.21
2.5.2 性能层面的问题·····························································.22
2.5.3 安全层面的问题·····························································.22
2.6 习题 ····················································································.23
第3 章 C 语言动态自动化单元测试框架 ·················································.24
3.1 在Windows 下安装C 语言运行环境 ············································.24
3.1.1 安装配置MinGW ···························································.24
3.1.2 安装配置MSYS2 ···························································.25
3.1.3 安装配置IDE ································································.25
3.2 安装编译CUnit ······································································.31
3.2.1 在Windows 下安装CUnit ·················································.31
3.2.2 在Linux 下安装CUnit ·····················································.31
3.2.3 创建被测文件和测试文件 ·················································.32
3.2.4 在Windows 下运行测试文件 ·············································.34
3.2.5 在Linux 下运行测试文件 ·················································.34
3.2.6 运行结果 ·····································································.35
3.3 查看测试报告 ········································································.35
3.4 CUnit 介绍 ············································································.36
3.4.1 CUnit 的四种运行模式 ·····················································.36
3.4.2 CUnit 头文件 ································································.38
3.4.3 CUnit 支持的断言 ··························································.39
3.4.4 CUnit 架构 ···································································.40
3.4.5 CUnit 的基本测试步骤 ·····················································.40
3.5 案例 ····················································································.41
3.5.1 指针操作 ·····································································.41
3.5.2 返回结构体 ··································································.43
3.5.3 文件的读写操作·····························································.44
3.6 习题 ····················································································.46
第4 章 Java 语言动态自动化单元测试框架 ·············································.47
4.1 在Eclipse 中创建Maven 项目 ····················································.47
4.2 在Eclipse 中配置JUnit 和TestNG 运行环境 ···································.50
4.2.1 配置JUnit 运行环境 ························································.50
4.2.2 配置TestNG 运行环境 ·····················································.53
4.3 JUnit 4 ··················································································55
4.3.1 JUnit 4 的测试代码 ··························································55
4.3.2 与JUnit 4 相关的API ·······················································58
4.3.3 JUnit 4 的装饰器 ·····························································58
4.3.4 JUnit 4 的断言 ································································59
4.3.5 超时测试 ·······································································59
4.3.6 JUnit 4 参数化测试 ··························································60
4.3.7 测试异常 ·······································································61
4.3.8 批量运行 ·······································································63
4.3.9 利用Ant 运行 ·································································63
4.3.10 利用Maven 运行 ····························································67
4.3.11 配合Allure 生成漂亮的JUnit 4 测试报告 ······························70
4.4 JUnit 5 ··················································································82
4.4.1 JUnit 5 的测试代码 ··························································82
4.4.2 与JUnit 5 相关的API ·······················································83
4.4.3 JUnit 5 的装饰器 ·····························································84
4.4.4 JUnit 5 的断言 ································································86
4.4.5 JUnit 5 的依赖注入 ··························································88
4.4.6 传递自定义参数 ······························································90
4.4.7 JUnit 5 参数化测试 ··························································91
4.4.8 内嵌测试类 ····································································94
4.4.9 重复测试 ·······································································96
4.4.10 动态测试 ·····································································97
4.4.11 分组断言assertAll ··························································98
4.4.12 批量测试 ·····································································98
4.4.13 利用Maven 运行 ····························································99
4.4.14 配合Allure 生成漂亮的JUnit 5 测试报告 ···························.101
4.5 TestNG ···············································································.105
4.5.1 TestNG 的使用和运行 ····················································.105
4.5.2 testng.xml 文件与Suite 测试 ············································.107
4.5.3 与TestNG 相关的API ····················································.109
4.5.4 TestNG 的装饰器 ··························································.110
4.5.5 TestNG 的断言 ·····························································.113
4.5.6 异常测试 ····································································.113
4.5.7 忽略测试 ····································································.114
4.5.8 超时测试 ···································································.114
4.5.9 分组测试 ···································································.114
4.5.10 依赖测试 ··································································.116
4.5.11 TestNG 参数化测试 ·····················································.119
4.5.12 TestNG 报告 ······························································.121
4.5.13 利用Maven 运行 ························································.121
4.5.14 配合Allure 生成漂亮的TestNG 测试报告 ··························.123
4.6 测试替身 ············································································.127
4.6.1 桩对象 ······································································.128
4.6.2 伪造对象 ···································································.128
4.6.3 间谍对象 ···································································.131
4.6.4 模拟对象 ···································································.132
4.7 利用EvoSuite 自动生成测试用例 ··············································.155
4.7.1 在Eclipse 中运行 ·························································.155
4.7.2 在命令行中运行···························································.156
4.8 变异测试 ············································································.157
4.8.1 变异测试引出 ·····························································.157
4.8.2 变异测试简介 ·····························································.158
4.8.3 PITest 在Eclipse 中的安装和使用 ·····································.160
4.8.4 PITest 测试报告 ···························································.162
4.8.5 修改测试数据 ·····························································.163
4.9 在Jenkins 中配置JUnit 4、JUnit 5、TestNG 和Allure ·····················.164
4.9.1 Jenkins 安装和基本配置 ·················································.164
4.9.2 JUnit 在Jenkins 中的配置 ···············································.168
4.9.3 TestNG 在Jenkins 中的配置 ············································.170
4.9.4 Allure JUnit 在Jenkins 中的配置 ·······································.172
4.10 习题 ················································································.174
第5 章 Python 语言动态自动化单元测试框架 ········································.176
5.1 unittest ···············································································.176
5.1.1 计算器案例 ································································.176
5.1.2 unittest 的装饰器 ··························································.178
5.1.3 unittest 的断言 ·····························································.179
5.1.4 通过parameterized.expand 实现参数化 ·······························.179
5.1.5 测试异常 ···································································.180
5.1.6 批量运行生成报告 ························································.181
5.2 Pytest ·················································································.182
5.2.1 Pytest 安装 ··································································.182
5.2.2 案例··········································································.183
5.2.3 Pytest 的装饰器 ····························································.185
5.2.4 Pytest 常用命令行选项 ···················································.185
5.2.5 Pytest 实现并发测试 ······················································.186
5.2.6 Pytest 特有的参数化功能 ················································.187
5.2.7 配合Allure 生成漂亮的Pytest 测试报告 ·····························.190
5.2.8 在Jenkins 中配置Allure Pytest ·········································.195
5.3 Python 的模拟对象 ································································.197
5.3.1 产品代码 ····································································.197
5.3.2 通过unittest 使用模拟对象 ··············································.197
5.3.3 通过Pytest 使用模拟对象 ···············································.198
5.4 变异测试工具mutpy ······························································.199
5.4.1 mutpy 的安装 ······························································.199
5.4.2 mutpy 的使用 ······························································.199
5.5 习题 ··················································································.201
第6 章 代码覆盖率工具 ····································································.202
6.1 C 语言覆盖率工具gcov 和lcov ·················································.202
6.1.1 lcov 与gcov 的安装和运行 ··············································.202
6.1.2 lcov 报告 ····································································.205
6.1.3 lcov 在Jenkins 中的应用 ·················································.205
6.2 Java 语言覆盖率工具JaCoCo ····················································.207
6.2.1 JaCoCo 在Eclipse 下的应用 ·············································.207
6.2.2 JaCoCo 在Maven 下的应用 ·············································.210
6.2.3 JaCoCo 在Jenkins 中的应用 ············································.211
6.3 Python 语言覆盖率工具Coverage 和pytest-cov ······························.213
6.3.1 Coverage ····································································.213
6.3.2 pytest-cov ···································································.215
6.3.3 Python 语言覆盖率工具在Jenkins 中的应用 ·························.216
6.4 习题 ··················································································.217
第7 章 代码语法规范检查工具 ···························································.218
7.1 Java 语言静态分析工具PMD ····················································.218
7.1.1 PMD 在Eclipse 下的应用 ················································.218
7.1.2 配置PMD 的Maven 文件 ···············································.220
7.1.3 在Jenkins 中配置PMD ··················································.222
7.2 Python 语言静态分析工具flake8 和pylint ····································.225
7.2.1 flake8 ········································································.225
7.2.2 pylint ········································································.226
7.2.3 flack8 和pylint 在Jenkins 中的应用 ···································.227
7.3 多代码语法规范检查平台SonarQube··········································.229
7.3.1 安装JDK ···································································.229
7.3.2 SonarQube 支持的数据库 ················································.231
7.3.3 SonarQube ··································································.236
7.3.4 安装sonar-scanner ························································.242
7.3.5 SonarQube 的配置及应用 ················································.244
7.3.6 在Jenkins 中配置SonarQube ···········································.254
7.4 习题 ··················································································.258
第8 章 TDD 案例 ············································································.259
8.1 斐波那契数列 ······································································.259
8.1.1 初始化 ······································································.259
8.1.2 第一次需求变更···························································.261
8.1.3 第二次需求变更···························································.263
8.1.4 第三次需求变更···························································.266
8.1.5 第四次需求变更···························································.268
8.2 完善计算器产品代码 ·····························································.271
8.3 利用Jenkins 分析TDD 代码 ····················································.292
8.4 习题 ··················································································.297
附录A 在写作过程中发现开源软件中的Bug ··········································.298
参考文献 ························································································.301

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软件测试阶段包括单元测试、集成测试、系统测试和验收测试。在单元测试阶段中一旦发现缺陷，很容易修改；而在系统测试或者验收测试阶段发现缺陷，就需要测试人员通过缺陷管理工具报告给开发人员，为了让开发人员能够快速、准确地定位缺陷，测试人员需要在缺陷报告中准确书写发现问题的版本、产生错误的步骤和缺陷的内容（有时候需要附上截图或日志信息）。开发人员通过缺陷报告找到问题所在的代码进行修复，重新编译后再给测试人员进行复测。如果测试通过，则关闭缺陷，否则描述问题，重新让开发人员修改。这个过程是非常耗时、耗力的，可见单元测试在软件研发中是非常有效的。但是单元测试也不是万能的，针对业务逻辑的缺陷，在单元测试阶段是很难被发现的，只有在系统测试或验收测试阶段才可以进行验证。
在我刚毕业的年代，单元测试往往是运行程序中的主函数（比如C 语言中的main()函数），通过打印语句或者监控变量的值用半手工的方式进行验证，但是这种方式用完就被丢弃了，不能很好地被保留下来。随着XUnit 框架及代码扫描工具的出现，单元测试变得越来越容易，单元测试代码也可以被重复使用。随着敏捷和DevOps 的出现，迭代变得越来越频繁，单元测试代码、代码扫描工具的复用也变得越来越频繁，特别是随着TDD（Test Driver Developed，测试驱动开发）的提出，单元测试越来越被人们所重视。
针对一段产品代码，需要匹配的单元测试代码可能是代码本身的数倍或者数十倍，这也是很多人知道单元测试的重要性，但是因为时间紧迫，把单元测试阶段忽略的原因。我的建议是，可以把产品分为以下五类。
1. To C 的互联网产品。
2. To B 的互联网产品。
3. 传统的非嵌入式软件产品，如ERP、财务、CRM、管理等软件产品。
4. 传统的嵌入式软件产品。
5. 安全级别的软件产品，如部分金融、医疗、航空、航天软件产品。
针对第1、2 类和部分第3 类产品可以减少单元测试的数量，采用纺锤测试模型或者蜂窝测试模型，增加接口测试的数量。软件单元测试
针对第3、4 类产品采用金字塔测试模型，测试覆盖率尽可能满足分支覆盖、条件/分支覆盖和路径覆盖，而对于嵌入式产品还需要考虑控制流覆盖。
针对第5 类产品采用金字塔测试模型，测试覆盖率尽可能满足分支覆盖、条件/分支覆盖、路径覆盖，而对于关键模块必须考虑MC/DC 覆盖。
本书第1 章与第2 章介绍软件单元测试的概念和基础知识。
第1 章简单介绍软件单元测试所包含的概念，包括桩对象和测试驱动函数、测试驱动开发、软件测试贯彻始终、软件测试金字塔、单元测试在传统/敏捷开发模式中的地位、精准测试、单元测试和白盒测试，以及单元测试的FIRST
原则和AIR 原则。
第2 章介绍软件单元测试基础知识，包括动态自动化/手工单元测试、静态自动化/手工单元测试。在动态自动化单元测试中介绍了语句覆盖、分支覆盖、条件覆盖、条件/分支覆盖、MC/DC 覆盖、路径覆盖和控制流覆盖。
第3 章到第5 章介绍C 语言、Java 语言和Python 语言的单元测试框架。
第3 章介绍C 语言动态自动化单元测试框架，包括在Windows 下安装C 语言运行环境、在Windows 和Linux 下安装编译CUnit、查看测试报告、CUnit介绍和案例。
 第4 章介绍Java 语言动态自动化单元测试框架，包括在Eclipse 中创建Maven项目和配置JUnit 与TestNG 运行环境、JUnit 4 测试框架、JUnit 5 测试框架、TestNG 测试框架、测试替身、变异测试、利用EvoSuite 自动生成测试用例，以及在Jenkins 中配置JUnit 4、JUnit 5、TestNG 和Allure。
第5 章介绍了Python 语言动态自动化单元测试框架，包括unittest、Pytest 及Python 的模拟对象和变异测试工具
mutpy。
第6 章与第7 章介绍代码覆盖率工具和代码语法规范检查工具。
第6 章介绍代码覆盖率工具，包括C 语言覆盖率工具gcov 和lcov、Java 语言覆盖率工具JaCoCo，以及Python 语言覆盖率工具Coverage 和pytest-cov。
第7 章介绍代码语法规范检查工具，包括Java 语言静态分析工具PMD、Python语言静态分析工具flake8 和pylint，以及多代码语法规范检查平台SonarQube。
第8 章通过两个案例详细介绍TDD。读者可以根据自己的需求对以上内容进行选择性阅读或者全部阅读。另外，为了
巩固大家的学习效果，每一章结尾都有相应的习题。
本书的配套代码可以通过链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1doTjbyNqgppK6Eap7umR4w?pwd=cxux 获取，提取码为cxux。
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顾翔，1997年毕业于北京工业大学，中国计算机学会（CFF）会员，上海开源协会个人会员，开源网安专家组成员，国家职业教育研究院软件测试、安全专家组成员。著有《软件测试技术实战：设计、工具及管理》《基于Django的电子商务网站设计》《全栈软件测试工程师宝典》《通过案例玩转JMeter(微课版)》图书。软件绿色联盟2018年最佳优秀讲师获得者，先后就职于炎黄新星网络科技有限公司、中兴通讯股份有限公司、意法半导体（中国）有限公司和爱立信通信（中国）有限公司，担任软件开发工程师、软件测试工程师，软件测试经理等职务，积累了丰富的软件研发测试理论和实践经验，精通测试设计、测试管理、安全测试、性能测试、自动化测试、敏捷测试和DevOps测试技术，从2015年起，从事金融、通信、航空、邮政等行业及高校的软件测试咨询和培训服务。

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