Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction	1
1.1  Overview of Programming	1
1.1.1  What Is Programming?	1
1.1.2  How to Write a Program?	3
1.2  Programming Methodologies	5
1.2.1  Structured Programming	5
1.2.2  Object-Oriented Programming	8
1.3  Characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming	10
1.4  C++ Programming Language	13
1.4.1  History of C and C++	13
1.4.2  Learning C++	15
Word Tips	16
Exercises	17
Chapter 2  Basic Facilities — Shifting from C to C++ Programs	18
2.1  C++ Program Structure	18
2.2  Input/Output Streams	21
2.2.1  Input Stream	21
2.2.2  Output Stream	22
2.3  Constants	23
2.4  Functions	25
2.4.1  Function Declarations	25
2.4.2  Function Definitions	26
2.4.3  Default Arguments	28
2.4.4  Inline Functions	30
2.4.5  Function Overloading	30
2.5  References	35
2.5.1  Reference Definition	35
2.5.2  Reference Variables as Parameters	39
2.5.3  References as Returning Values	40
2.5.4  Reference as Left-Hand Values	42
2.6  Namespaces	43
Word Tips	47
Exercises	48
Chapter 3  Foundation of Classes and Objects—Data Abstraction and Definition 
of Classes	52
3.1  Introduction to Structures	52
3.1.1  Defining a Structure in C++	52
3.1.2  Accessing Members of Structures	53
3.1.3  Structures with Member Functions	55
3.2  Data Abstraction and Classes	56
3.2.1  Data Abstraction	56
3.2.2  Defining Classes	57
3.2.3  Defining Objects	58
3.2.4  Accessing Member Functions	59
3.2.5  In-Class Member Function Definition	61
3.2.6  File Structure of an Abstract Data Type	63
3.3  Information Hiding	65
3.4  Access Control	66
3.5  Constructors	69
3.5.1  Definition of Constructors	69
3.5.2  Overloading Constructors	70
3.5.3  Constructors with Default Parameters	71
3.6  Destructors	74
3.6.1  Definition of Destructors	74
3.6.2  UML Diagram for Classes	75
3.6.3  The Order of Constructor and Destructor Calls	76
3.7  Encapsulation	78
3.8  Case Study: A GradeBook Class	79
Word Tips	82
Exercises	83
Chapter 4  Advance of Classes and Objects —Further Definition of Class Members 
and Objects	87
4.1  Constant Member Functions and Constant Objects	87
4.2  this  Pointers	89
4.3  Static Members	91
4.3.1  Static Data Members	93
4.3.2  Static Member Functions	96
4.4  Free Store	97
4.5  Object Members	101
4.5.1  Definition of Object Members	101
4.5.2  The Order of Constructors and Destructors for Member Objects	105
4.5.3  Object Members with Default Constructors	105
4.5.4  Class Members by Using Initializers	106
4.6  Copy Members	107
4.6.1  Definition of Copy Constructors	108
4.6.2  Shallow Copy and Deep Copy	110
4.7  Arrays of Objects	118
4.7.1  Initialize an Object Array by Using a Default Constructor	118
4.7.2  Initialize an Object Array by Using Constructors with Parameters	121
4.8  Friends	122
4.8.1  Friend Functions	122
4.8.2  Friend Classes	125
4.9  Case Study: Advance of the GradeBook Class	126
Word Tips	132
Exercises	132
Chapter 5  Operator Overloading	137
5.1  Introduction to Operator Overloading	137
5.2  Operator Functions	138
5.2.1  Overloaded Operators	138
5.2.2  Operator Functions	138
5.3  Binary and Unary Operators	142
5.3.1  Overloading Binary Operators	142
5.3.2  Overloading Unary Operators	143
5.4  Overloading Combinatorial Operators	147
5.5  Mixed Arithmetic of User-Defined Types	151
5.6  Type Conversion of User-Defined Types	152
5.6.1  Converting a Built-In Type to a User-Defined Type	152
5.6.2  Converting User-Defined Types to Built-In Types	153
5.7  Case Study: A MyInteger Class	155
Word Tips	160
Exercises	160
Chapter 6  Inheritance	163
6.1  Class Hierarchies	163
6.2  Derived Classes	164
6.2.1  Declaration of Derived Classes	164
6.2.2  Structure of Derived Classes	165
6.3  Constructors and Destructors of Derived Classes	168
6.3.1  Constructors of Derived Classes	168
6.3.2  Destructors of Derived Classes	171
6.3.3  The Calling Order of Derived Class Objects	172
6.3.4  Inheritance and Composition	175
6.4  Member Functions of Derived Classes	175
6.4.1  Defining a Member Function	175
6.4.2  Overriding Member Functions	177
6.5  Access Control	179
6.5.1  Access Control in Classes	179
6.5.2  Access to Base Classes	180
6.6  Multiple Inheritance	184
6.6.1  Declaration of Multiple Inheritance	185
6.6.2  Constructors of Multiple Inheritance	187
6.7  Virtual Inheritance	188
6.7.1  Multiple Inheritance Ambiguities	188
6.7.2  Trying to Solve Inheritance Ambiguities	189
6.7.3  Virtual Base Classes	191
6.7.4  Constructing Objects of Multiple Inheritance	194
6.8  Case Study: The iWatch Class	195
Word Tips	201
Exercises	202
Chapter 7  Polymorphism and Virtual Functions	212
7.1  Polymorphism	212
7.1.1  Introduction to Polymorphism	212
7.1.2  Binding	213
7.2  Virtual Functions	216
7.2.1  Definition of Virtual Functions	216
7.2.2  Extensibility	219
7.2.3  Principle of Virtual Functions	221
7.2.4  Virtual Destructors	223
7.2.5  Function Overloading and Function Overriding	224
7.3  Abstract Base Classes	227
7.4  Case Study: A Mini System	230
Word Tips	235
Exercises	235
Chapter 8  Templates	241
8.1  Introduction to Templates	241
8.2  Function Templates	242
8.2.1  Definition of Function Templates	242
8.2.2  Function Template Instantiation	244
8.2.3  Function Template with Different Parameter Types	246
8.2.4  Function Template Overloading	247
8.3  Class Templates	248
8.3.1  Definition of Class Templates	248
8.3.2  Class Template Instantiation	251
8.4  Non-Type Parameters for Templates	253
8.5  Derivation and Class Templates	255
8.6  Case Study: A Vector Class Template	256
Word Tips	262
Exercises	262
References	264