Contents


1
Introduction  1
1.1  Overview of Electrical Engineering	2
1.2  Circuits, Currents, and Voltages	5
1.3  Power and Energy	11
1.4  Kirchhoff’s Current Law	14
1.5  Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law	17
1.6  Introduction to Circuit Elements	20
1.7  Introduction to Circuits	27
Summary	30
Problems	31
Practice Test	38

2
Resistive Circuits  40
2.1  Resistances in Series and Parallel	41
2.2  Network Analysis by Using Series and Parallel Equivalents	44
2.3  Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits	48
2.4  Node-Voltage Analysis	51
2.5  Th¨|venin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits	61
2.6  Superposition Principle	72
2.7  Wheatstone Bridge	75
Summary	77
Problems	78
Practice Test	88

3
Inductance and Capacitance  91
3.1  Capacitance	92
3.2  Capacitances in Series and Parallel	99
3.3  Physical Characteristics of
Capacitors	101
3.4  Inductance	105
3.5  Inductances in Series and Parallel	109
3.6  Practical Inductors	111
3.7  Mutual Inductance	112
Summary	114
Problems	114
Practice Test	121
4
Transients  122
4.1  First-Order RC Circuits	123
4.2  DC Steady State	128
4.3  RL Circuits	129
4.4  RC and RL Circuits with General Sources	133
Summary	140
Problems	140
Practice Test	146

5
Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis  147
5.1  Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages	148
5.2  Phasors	153
5.3  Complex Impedances	158
5.4  Circuit Analysis with Phasors and Complex Impedances	162
5.5  Power in AC Circuits	166
5.6  Th¨|venin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits	177
5.7  Balanced Three-Phase Circuits	182
Summary	192
Problems	193
Practice Test	202

6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots,
and Resonance  203
6.1  Fourier Analysis, Filters, and Transfer Functions	204
6.2  First-Order Lowpass Filters	211
6.3  Decibels, the Cascade Connection,
and Logarithmic Frequency Scales	215
6.4  Bode Plots	220
6.5  First-Order Highpass Filters	222
6.6  Series Resonance	225
6.7  Parallel Resonance	230
Summary	232
Problems	233
Practice Test	240
7
Logic Circuits  242
7.1  Basic Logic Circuit Concepts	243
7.2  Representation of Numerical Data in Binary Form	245
7.3  Combinatorial Logic Circuits	252
7.4  Synthesis of Logic Circuits	259
7.5  Minimization of Logic Circuits	265
7.6  Sequential Logic Circuits	269
Summary	278
Problems	279
Practice Test	285

8
Diodes  287
8.1  Basic Diode Concepts	288
8.2  Load-Line Analysis of Diode
Circuits	291
8.3  Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator
Circuits	293
8.4  Ideal-Diode Model	296
8.5  Piecewise-Linear Diode Models	298
8.6  Rectifier Circuits	301
8.7  Wave-Shaping Circuits	305
8.8  Linear Small-Signal Equivalent
Circuits	309
Summary	314
Problems	314
Practice Test	323

9
Amplifiers: Specifications and
External Characteristics  325
9.1  Basic Amplifier Concepts	326
9.2  Cascaded Amplifiers	330
9.3  Power Supplies and Efficiency	332
9.4  Additional Amplifier Models	335
9.5  Importance of Amplifier Impedances
in Various Applications	338
9.6  Ideal Amplifiers	340
9.7  Frequency Response	342
9.8  Linear Waveform Distortion	345
9.9  Pulse Response	349
9.10  Transfer Characteristic and
Nonlinear Distortion	351
9.11  Differential Amplifiers	354
9.12  Offset Voltage, Bias Current, and
Offset Current	357
Summary	361
Problems	362
Practice Test	371

10
Field-Effect Transistors  372
10.1  NMOS and PMOS Transistors	373
10.2  Load-Line Analysis of a Simple
NMOS Amplifier	379
10.3  Bias Circuits	382
10.4  Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits	385
10.5  Common-Source Amplifiers	389
10.6  Source Followers	392
10.7  CMOS Logic Gates	396
Summary	401
Problems	401
Practice Test	407

11
Bipolar Junction Transistors  408
11.1  Current and Voltage Relationships	409
11.2  Common-Emitter Characteristics	411
11.3  Load-Line Analysis of a Common-Emitter Amplifier	413
11.4  pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors	418
11.5  Large-Signal DC Circuit Models	420
11.6  Large-Signal DC Analysis of BJT Circuits	422
11.7  Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits	428
11.8  Common-Emitter Amplifiers	431
11.9  Emitter Followers	436
Summary	440
Problems	441
Practice Test	447

12
Operational Amplifiers  449
12.1  Ideal Operational Amplifiers	450
12.2  Inverting Amplifiers	451
12.3  Noninverting Amplifiers	457
12.4  Nonlinear Limitations	460
12.5  Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers	464
12.6  Integrators and Differentiators	466
12.7  Active Filters	468
Summary	472
Problems	473
Practice Test	479


13
Magnetic Circuits and Transformers  481
13.1  Magnetic Fields	482
13.2  Magnetic Circuits	489
13.3  Inductance and Mutual Inductance	494
13.4  Magnetic Materials	498
13.5  Ideal Transformers	500
13.6  Real Transformers	507
Summary	511
Problems	511
Practice Test	519

14
AC Machines  520
14.1  Three-Phase Induction Motors	521
14.2  Equivalent-Circuit and Performance Calculations for Induction Motors	528
14.3  Synchronous Machines	536
14.4  Single-Phase Motors	546
14.5  Stepper Motors and Brushless DC Motors	549
Summary	550
Problems	551
Practice Test	556

APPENDICES
A
Complex Numbers  557
Summary	563
Problems	563

B
Nominal Values and the
Color Code for Resistors  565

C
The Fundamentals
of Engineering Examination  567

D
Answers for the Practice Tests  568