图书简介:
第1 章 概述······································································································· 11.1 计算机网络在信息时代中的作用·································································· 11.2 互联网概述····························································································· 31.2.1 网络的网络························································································ 31.2.2 互联网基础结构发展的三个阶段································································· 51.2.3 互联网的标准化工作·············································································· 71.3 互联网的组成·························································································· 81.3.1 互联网的边缘部分················································································· 91.3.2 互联网的核心部分················································································ 111.4 计算机网络在我国的发展··········································································161.5 计算机网络的类别···················································································171.5.1 计算机网络的定义················································································171.5.2 几种不同类别的计算机网络·····································································181.6 计算机网络的性能···················································································191.6.1 计算机网络的性能指标··········································································191.6.2 计算机网络的非性能特征········································································241.7 计算机网络体系结构················································································241.7.1 计算机网络体系结构的形成·····································································251.7.2 协议与划分层次··················································································261.7.3 具有五层协议的体系结构········································································281.7.4 TCP/IP 的体系结构···············································································32复习题·········································································································34习题············································································································35第2 章 物理层···································································································372.1 物理层的基本概念···················································································372.2 现代通信的基础知识················································································382.2.1 通信中的常用术语················································································382.2.2 有关信道的几个基本概念········································································382.2.3 信道的极限容量··················································································402.3 物理层使用的传输媒体·············································································422.3.1 导引型传输媒体··················································································422.3.2 非导引型传输媒体················································································462.4 信道复用技术·························································································472.5 数字传输系统·························································································492.6 宽带接入技术·························································································502.6.1 光纤接入··························································································502.6.2 非对称数字用户线ADSL ········································································522.6.3 光纤同轴混合网(HFC 网)·····································································53复习题·········································································································54习题············································································································54第3 章 数据链路层·····························································································553.1 数据链路层的几个共同问题·······································································563.1.1 数据链路和帧·····················································································563.1.2 三个基本问题·····················································································573.2 点对点协议PPP·······················································································613.2.1 PPP 协议的特点··················································································613.2.2 PPP 协议的帧格式················································································633.2.3 PPP 协议的工作状态·············································································643.3 以太网··································································································653.3.1 局域网中的以太网················································································653.3.2 CSMA/CD 协议···················································································673.3.3 以太网的信道利用率·············································································723.3.4 以太网的MAC 地址··············································································733.3.5 以太网的MAC 帧格式···········································································753.4 以太网演变成星形网················································································773.4.1 从集线器到以太网交换机········································································773.4.2 以太网交换机的自学习功能·····································································783.4.3 虚拟局域网·······················································································803.5 高速以太网····························································································823.5.1 100BASE-T 以太网··············································································823.5.2 吉比特以太网·····················································································833.5.3 10 吉比特以太网(10GbE)和更快的以太网······················································843.5.4 使用以太网进行宽带接入········································································85复习题·········································································································86习题············································································································87第4 章 网络层···································································································904.1 互联网协议IP ·························································································904.1.1 网络层提供的两种服务··········································································904.1.2 网络层中的重要协议·············································································924.1.3 虚拟互连网络·····················································································924.1.4 IP 地址····························································································954.1.5 IP 地址与MAC 地址··········································································· 1024.1.6 地址解析协议ARP ············································································· 1044.1.7 IP 数据报的格式················································································ 1064.2 IP 层转发分组的过程·············································································· 1094.2.1 基于终点的转发················································································ 1094.2.2 最长前缀匹配··················································································· 1104.2.3 查找转发表的简单归纳········································································ 1114.2.4 使用二叉线索查找转发表······································································ 1124.3 互联网控制报文协议ICMP ······································································ 1134.3.1 ICMP 报文的种类·············································································· 1144.3.2 ICMP 的应用举例·············································································· 1154.4 动态主机配置协议DHCP ········································································ 1174.5 IPv6···································································································· 1194.5.1 IPv6 的地址····················································································· 1204.5.2 IPv6 的基本首部················································································ 1234.5.3 IPv6 的扩展首部················································································ 1254.5.4 ICMPv6 ························································································· 1274.5.5 IPv6 地址的配置················································································ 1284.5.6 从IPv4 向IPv6 过渡············································································ 1324.6 互联网的路由协议················································································· 1364.6.1 有关路由协议的几个基本概念································································· 1364.6.2 路由信息协议RIP ·············································································· 1374.6.3 开放最短路径优先协议OSPF·································································· 1414.6.4 边界网关协议BGP ············································································· 1444.7 路由器的构成······················································································· 1524.7.1 路由器的结构··················································································· 1524.7.2 交换结构························································································ 1544.8 IP 多播································································································ 1554.8.1 IP 多播的基本概念············································································· 1554.8.2 在局域网上进行硬件多播······································································ 1564.8.3 组管理协议和多播路由协议··································································· 1574.8.4 IP 多播仍需解决的问题········································································ 1624.9 虚拟专用网VPN 和网络地址转换NAT······················································· 1624.9.1 虚拟专用网VPN ··············································································· 1624.9.2 网络地址转换··················································································· 1634.10 改进“尽最大努力交付”的服务······························································ 1644.10.1 使互联网提供服务质量······································································· 1654.10.2 调度和管制机制··············································································· 1664.10.3 综合服务与资源预留协议···································································· 1694.10.4 区分服务DiffServ ············································································· 1704.11 多协议标签交换MPLS ·········································································· 1714.11.1 MPLS 的工作原理············································································· 1724.11.2 MPLS 首部的格式············································································· 1744.11.3 MPLS 的应用场合············································································· 174复习题······································································································· 176习题·········································································································· 177第5 章 传输层································································································· 1855.1 传输层协议概述···················································································· 1855.1.1 进程之间的通信················································································ 1855.1.2 传输层的两个主要协议········································································ 1875.1.3 传输层的端口··················································································· 1885.2 用户数据报协议UDP ············································································· 1895.2.1 UDP 概述······················································································· 1895.2.2 UDP 的首部格式··············································································· 1915.3 传输控制协议TCP 概述·········································································· 1935.3.1 TCP 最主要的特点············································································· 1935.3.2 TCP 的连接····················································································· 1945.4 可靠传输的工作原理·············································································· 1955.4.1 停止等待协议··················································································· 1955.4.2 连续ARQ 协议················································································· 1985.5 TCP 报文段的首部格式··········································································· 1995.6 TCP 可靠传输的实现·············································································· 2025.6.1 TCP 的滑动窗口机制··········································································· 2035.6.2 超时重传时间的选择··········································································· 2055.6.3 选择性确认SACK·············································································· 2065.7 TCP 的传输连接管理·············································································· 2075.7.1 TCP 的连接建立················································································ 2075.7.2 TCP 的连接释放················································································ 2095.7.3 TCP 的连接管理有限状态机··································································· 2115.8 TCP 的流量控制···················································································· 2125.8.1 利用滑动窗口实现流量控制··································································· 2125.8.2 TCP 的传输效率················································································ 2135.9 TCP 的拥塞控制···················································································· 2135.9.1 拥塞控制的一般原理··········································································· 2135.9.2 经典的拥塞控制算法··········································································· 2165.9.3 其他TCP 拥塞控制机制······································································· 2195.10 新型传输层协议··················································································· 224复习题······································································································· 225习题·········································································································· 227第6 章 应用层································································································· 2336.1 域名系统DNS······················································································· 2346.1.1 域名系统概述··················································································· 2346.1.2 互联网的域名结构·············································································· 2356.1.3 域名服务器····················································································· 2366.1.4 DNS 资源记录·················································································· 2406.2 万维网WWW······················································································· 2406.2.1 万维网概述····················································································· 2406.2.2 统一资源定位符URL ·········································································· 2426.2.3 超文本传送协议HTTP ········································································· 2436.2.4 万维网的演进··················································································· 2516.2.5 万维网的应用··················································································· 2526.2.6 AI 重塑浏览器:从信息工具到智能平台····················································· 2536.3 电子邮件····························································································· 2546.3.1 电子邮件概述··················································································· 2546.3.2 简单邮件传送协议SMTP ······································································ 2576.3.3 电子邮件的信息格式··········································································· 2586.3.4 邮件读取协议POP3 和IMAP·································································· 2596.3.5 基于万维网的电子邮件········································································ 2606.3.6 通用互联网邮件扩充MIME ··································································· 2616.4 多媒体内容在互联网上的传输·································································· 2646.4.1 多媒体的特点··················································································· 2646.4.2 传统的多媒体传输协议········································································ 2666.4.3 用于交互式多媒体传输的协议································································· 2686.4.4 用于非实时多媒体传输的协议································································· 2736.4.5 用于多媒体直播的协议········································································ 2746.5 简单网络管理协议SNMP ········································································ 2756.5.1 网络管理的基本概念··········································································· 2756.5.2 管理信息结构SMI ············································································· 2776.5.3 管理信息库MIB················································································ 2806.5.4 SNMP 的协议数据单元和报文································································· 2816.6 应用进程跨越网络的通信········································································ 2846.6.1 系统调用和应用编程接口······································································ 2846.6.2 几种常用的系统调用··········································································· 2866.7 P2P 应用······························································································ 2886.7.1 具有集中目录服务器的P2P 方式······························································ 2896.7.2 具有全分布式结构的P2P 文件共享程序······················································ 2906.7.3 P2P 文件分发的分析··········································································· 2926.7.4 在P2P 对等方中搜索对象····································································· 293复习题······································································································· 296习题·········································································································· 298第7 章 网络安全······························································································ 3017.1 网络安全问题概述················································································· 3017.1.1 计算机网络面临的安全性威胁································································· 3017.1.2 安全的计算机网络·············································································· 3037.1.3 数据加密模型··················································································· 3047.2 两类密码体制······················································································· 3057.2.1 对称密钥密码体制·············································································· 3057.2.2 公钥密码体制··················································································· 3067.3 鉴别··································································································· 3077.3.1 报文鉴别························································································ 3077.3.2 实体鉴别························································································ 3127.4 密钥分配····························································································· 3147.4.1 对称密钥的分配················································································ 3147.4.2 公钥的分配····················································································· 3177.4.3 DH 密钥交换···················································································· 3197.5 互联网使用的安全协议··········································································· 3207.5.1 网络层安全协议················································································ 3207.5.2 传输层安全协议················································································ 3257.5.3 应用层安全协议················································································ 3287.6 网络安全技术:防火墙与入侵检测···························································· 3307.6.1 防火墙··························································································· 3307.6.2 入侵检测系统··················································································· 3327.7 一些未来的发展方向·············································································· 332复习题······································································································· 333习题·········································································································· 334第8 章 无线网络和移动网络··············································································· 3358.1 无线局域网WLAN ················································································ 3358.1.1 无线局域网的组成·············································································· 3368.1.2 802.11 局域网的物理层········································································ 3418.1.3 802.11 局域网的MAC 层协议································································· 3428.1.4 802.11 局域网的MAC 帧······································································ 3488.2 无线特种网WSN··················································································· 3518.3 蜂窝移动通信网···················································································· 3548.3.1 早期的蜂窝移动通信技术······································································ 3548.3.2 4G 蜂窝移动通信技术·········································································· 3578.3.3 5G 蜂窝移动通信技术·········································································· 3638.4 移动IP ································································································ 3668.4.1 移动IP 的基本概念············································································· 3668.4.2 移动IP 的路由选择问题······································································· 3688.4.3 移动IP 的前景·················································································· 370复习题······································································································· 370习题·········································································································· 371第9 章 新型网络技术························································································ 3739.1 软件定义网络技术················································································· 3749.1.1 数据平面与控制平面分离的思想······························································ 3749.1.2 SDN 架构······················································································· 3759.1.3 SDN 数据平面·················································································· 3789.1.4 SDN 控制平面·················································································· 3879.1.5 可编程数据平面················································································ 3919.1.6 SDN 的应用····················································································· 3949.2 网络功能虚拟化技术·············································································· 3979.2.1 网络功能虚拟化产生的背景与动机··························································· 3979.2.2 NFV 架构······················································································· 3989.2.3 NFV 与SDN 的融合············································································ 4029.2.4 挑战与未来演进················································································ 4029.3 数据中心网络······················································································· 4039.3.1 数据中心与数据中心网络······································································ 4039.3.2 典型数据中心网络结构········································································ 4069.3.3 数据中心网络发展趋势········································································ 408复习题······································································································· 409习题·········································································································· 410附录A 参考文献与网址····················································································· 412附录B 常用英文缩写词····················································································· 415
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本教材第5 版被纳入“十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材。与第8 版相比,第9 版进行了如下的一些改动。虽然本教材的内容是计算机网络比较成熟、稳定的基本原理,但计算机网络的发展还是非常迅速的,因此我们尽可能把一些比较新且相对成熟的内容写入教材。所有引用的RFC 文档都尽可能更新到最新的版本。由于IPv6 在我国已迅速普及,因此在第4 章“网络层”中增加了较多的IPv6 内容,特别是对于IPv6 地址以及IPv6 网络与IPv4 网络的通信问题,都进行了更加深入的讨论。第8 版曾把DHCP 放在应用层讨论,但把DHCP 移到网络层讨论可以帮助读者更好地掌握有关IP 地址的配置问题,因此现在把有关DHCP 的内容放入第4 章“网络层”。第8 版第4 章曾简单介绍了软件定义网络SDN 的内容。近年来,SDN 有了不少新的发展,因此第9 版把SDN 以及网络功能虚拟化、数据中心网络等内容集中到第9 章“新型网络技术”中,以便进行更加深入的介绍。第9版把第8 版的8.4 节“改进‘尽最大努力交付’的服务”移到第4 章中介绍。在这部分内容里,增加了IP 首部中服务类型字段新定义的两个区分服务码点ECT 和CE,但这些内容要在第5 章的5.9.3 节中才能详细介绍。在第4 章最后一节“多协议标签交换MPLS”中,增加了标签转发表的构成过程。在名词方面,我们尽可能使用术语在线[W-TERM]给出的标准名词(除非是明显的错误译名)。第9 版把使用了多年的标准名词“运输层”改为“传输层”。虽然所有RFC 的原文都一直使用的是Transport Layer,而Transport 的常用译名是运输而不是传输,但考虑到现在“传输层”已变成了标准译名[W-TERM],因此本教材从这一版开始,也改为使用“传输层”这一译名。第5 章改写了TCP 的滑动窗口机制,更新了TCP 的拥塞控制,增加了CUBIC, QUIC 以及其他一些新的传输层协议。在第6 章“应用层”中,删除了已较少使用的应用层协议FTP(包括TFTP)和TELNET。第8 版曾把“互联网上的音频/视频服务”作为单独一章来介绍,但这些内容都属于应用层的范畴,因此现在把这些内容都并入第6 章,成为其中单独的一节。在第7 章“网络安全”中,增加了DH 密钥交换,改写了传输层安全协议TLS 1.3 的内容。本教材的参考学时数为70 学时左右。在课程学时数较少的情况下可以只学习前6 章,这样仍可获得有关互联网的最基本的知识。本教材后面共有两个附录,附录A 是“参考文献与网址”,附录B 是“常用英文缩写词”。第9 版删除了第8 版中的“部分习题的解答”,改为以电子版形式提供。在本次修订工作中,谢钧教授和邢长友教授参加了所有章节内容的修订讨论。谢钧教授参加了第1 章初稿的修改。第1 章至第8 章的复习题和习题由谢钧教授整理,第4 章4.5.6 节中“协议转换技术”的初稿由谢钧教授撰写,第9 章由邢长友教授撰写。其他工作由谢希仁教授负责完成。吴自珠副教授也参与了本教材的编写工作。编者非常感谢使用本教材的教师和同学,他们通过电子邮件向编者或出版社编辑提出了很多宝贵意见。在本次修订工作中,要特别感谢清华大学李星教授。李星教授提供了他们团队多年来对IPv6 的研究成果,对第9 版应当增加的内容提出了非常具体的建议。李星教授和包丛笑教授还参加了对这部分修订内容的初稿的讨论。林波博士对“网络安全”部分提供了重要信息。烟台理工学院韩明峰教授多次发来邮件与编者进行交流。对此,编者均表示诚挚的谢意。受篇幅所限,未能采纳一些读者希望增加某些内容的建议。计算机网络涉及的面很广,虽然已经过反复挑选,但还有不少新的发展未能添加到教材中。限于编者水平,教材中难免还存在许多不尽人意之处,殷切希望广大读者批评指正。谢希仁2026 年1 月于南京
谢钧教授的电子邮件地址:xiejun73@189.cn邢长友教授的电子邮件地址:changyouxing@126.com欢迎指出书中内容的不足和错误,但编者无法满足具体解题步骤和科研项目咨询的需求,请予谅解。
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